Abstract In the era of the knowledge economy, the talent competition among countries has been gradually upgraded. Since the 21st century, the total amount of international immigration has rapidly grown and the number of immigration-related research also has increased. However, there is still no systematic review on the regional consequences of international high-skilled migration in Western research. In order to fully understand the potential mechanisms and multi-dimensional influences of the high-skilled immigration, this paper has adopted the method of literature review and bibliometrics to complete the systematical review of related research. This paper receives the following main points: 1) With the development of globalization, the simple one-way flow pattern of international high-skilled migrants from developing countries to developed regions has changed. There has been an increasing return flow from the developed countries to emerging industrialized countries, such as China and India. The reverse-flow makes the perspective of existing research on the regional effect of high-skilled immigrants has changed from "brain drain" to "brain gain". 2) There are three potential mechanisms of different immigration impacts, which respectively regard immigration as the human capital, the regional linkages and the combination of different types of knowledge. 3) High-skilled immigration plays an important role in national competitiveness. On the receiving and sending countries' side, highskilled immigrations have different influences by combining their potential multiple mechanisms. 4) CiteSpace is used to facilitate the analysis of the research hotspots in existing research. In the end, this paper summarizes the shortcomings of Western researches and discusses future development trend of domestic researches in the related issues.
JIN Wen-wan,YANG Bo-fei,ZHU Sheng-jun. PROGRESS ON THE REGIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNATIONAL HIGH-SKILLED MIGRATION[J]. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 37(5): 8-14,182.
United Nations. International Migration 2019 Report[R]. New York: United Nations, 2019:3-28.
[2]
刘晔,刘于琪,沈建法.西方高端人才跨国流动研究述评[J].人文地理,2013,28(2):7-12. [Liu Ye, Liu Yuqi, Shen Jianfa. Transnational mobility of the highly skilled: A review[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(2):7-12.]
[3]
Nathan M. The wider economic impacts of high-skilled migrants: A survey of the literature[J]. IZA Journal of Migration, 2014,3(4):1-20.
[4]
魏浩,袁然. 国际人才流入与中国企业的研发投入[J]. 世界经济, 2018,41(12):144-166. [Wei Hao, Yuan Ran. International talent inflow and R&D investment of Chinese enterprises[J]. The Journal of World Economy, 2018,41(12):144-166.]
[5]
周春山,杨高.西方国家移民聚居区研究进展及启示[J].人文地理, 2017,32(1):1-8,36. [Zhou Chunshan, Yang Gao. Progress on immigrant communities in Western countries and its implications for studies in China[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(1):1-8,36.]
[6]
马海涛,张芳芳.人才跨国流动的动力与影响研究评述[J].经济地理,2019,39(2):40-47. [Ma Haitao, Zhang Fangfang. Literature review on the impetus and influence of transnational mobility of talents[J]. Economic Geography, 2019,39(2):40-47.]
[7]
Gibson J, Mckenzie D. Scientific mobility and knowledge networks in high emigration countries: Evidence from the Pacific[J]. Research Policy, 2014,43(9):1486-1495.
[8]
Chiswick B R, Lee Y L, Miller P W. A longitudinal analysis of immigrant occupational mobility: A test of the immigrant assimilation hypothesis[J]. International Migration Review, 2005,39(2):332-353.
[9]
Baruffaldi S H, Landoni P. Return mobility and scientific productivity of researchers working abroad: The role of home country linkages [J]. Research Policy, 2012,41(9):1655-1665.
[10]
Bosetti V, Cattaneo C, Verdolini E. Migration of skilled workers and innovation: A European perspective[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2015,96(2):311-322.
[11]
Kim M S, Kim D, Mcneely N A. Race, inequality, and social capital in the U.S. counties[J]. Social Science Journal, 2020(4):1-19.
[12]
Borjas B. Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants[J]. The American Economic Review, 1987,80(1):305-308.
[13]
Cowan R, Zinovyeva N. University effects on regional innovation [J]. Research Policy, 2013,42(3):788-800.
[14]
Ott H, Rondé P. Inside the regional innovation system black box: Evidence from French data[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2019,98(5):1993-2026.
[15]
Bahar D, Choudhury P, Rapoport H. Migrant inventors and the technological advantage of nations[J]. Research Policy, 2020, 49(9): 1-15.
[16]
Miguelez E, Noumedem Temgoua C. Inventor migration and knowledge flows: A two-way communication channel?[J]. Research Policy, 2020,49(9):1-13.
[17]
Platteau J P, Seki E. Heterogeneity, social esteem and feasibility of collective action[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2007, 83(2):302-325.
[18]
Orefice G, Santoni G. Exporting creative and cultural products: Birthplace diversity matters![J]. World Economy, 2018,41(7):1867-1887.
[19]
Cooke A, Kemeny T. The economic geography of immigrant diversity: Disparate impacts and new directions[J]. Geography Compass, 2017,11(11):1-14.
[20]
Alesina A, Harnoss J, Rapoport H. Birthplace diversity and economic growth[J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2016,21(2):101-138.
[21]
Peri G. The effect of immigration on productivity: Evidence from U. S. states[J]. The Economics of International Migration, 2012,94(1): 348-358.
[22]
Caviggioli F, Jensen P, Scellato G. Highly skilled migrants and technological diversification in the US and Europe[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2020,154:1-16.
[23]
Bettin G, Bianchi P, Nicolli F, et al. Migration, ethnic concentration and firm entry: Evidence from Italian regions[J]. Regional Studies, 2019,53(1):55-66.
[24]
Hunt J, Gauthier-Loiselle M. How much does immigration boost innovation[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2010,2(2):31-56.
[25]
Fassio C, Montobbio F, Venturini A. Skilled migration and innovation in European industries[J]. Research Policy, 2019, 48(3): 706-718.
[26]
Ganguli I. Immigration and ideas: What did Russian scientists "bring" to the United States?[J]. Journal of Labor Economics, 2015, 33(3):257-288.
[27]
Choudhury P, Kim D Y. The ethnic migrant inventor effect: Codification and recombination of knowledge across borders[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2018,40(2):203-229.
[28]
Miguélez E, Moreno R. Research networks and inventors' mobility as drivers of innovation: Evidence from Europe[J]. Regional Studies, 2013,47(10):1668-1685.
[29]
Bove V, Elia L. Migration, diversity and economic growth[J]. World Development, 2017,89:227-239.
[30]
Stolle D, Soroka S, Johnston R. When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions[J]. Political Studies, 2008,56(1):57-75.
[31]
Grubel H, Scott A. The international flow of human capital[J]. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 1966,56:268-274.
[32]
Bhagwati J, Hamada K. The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment: A theoretical analysis [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1974,1(1):19-42.
[33]
Miyagiwa K. Scale economies in education and the brain drain problem[J]. International Economic Review, 1991,32(3):743-759.
[34]
Haque N, Kim S. Human capital flight: Impact of migration on income and growth[J]. Staff Papers International Monetary Fund, 1995,42(3):577-607.
[35]
Batista C, Lacuesta A, Vicente P. Testing the "brain gain" hypothesis: Micro evidence from Cape Verde[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2012,97(1):32-45.
[36]
Gibson J, McKenzie D. The microeconomic determinants of emigration and return migration of the best and brightest: Evidence from the pacific[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2011, 95(1):18-29.
[37]
Jonkers K, Cruz-Castro L. Research upon return: The effect of international mobility on scientific ties, production and impact[J]. Research Policy, 2013,42(8):1366-1377.
[38]
Breschi S, Lissoni F, Miguelez E. Foreign-origin inventors in the USA: Testing for diaspora and brain gain effects[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2017,17(5):1009-1038.
[39]
Anderson S, Platzer M. American Made: The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals Arlington[M]. Arlington: National Venture Capital Association, 2007:21-27.
[40]
Hart D M, Acs Z J,T racy S L. High-tech immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States[J]. Economic Development Quarterly, 2011,25(2):116-129.
[41]
Schuetze H, Antecol H. Immigration, Entrepreneurship and the Venture Start-up Process[M]. Boston: Springer, 2007:107-135.
[42]
Tavassoli S, Trippl M. The impact of ethnic communities on immigrant entrepreneurship: Evidence from Sweden[J]. Regional Studies, 2019,53(1):67-79.
[43]
Szkudlarek B, Wu S. The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship: Mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2018,30(5/6):585-611.
[44]
González L, Ortega F. How do very open economies adjust to large immigration flows? Evidence from Spanish regions[J]. Labour Economics, 2011,18(1):57-70.
[45]
Mussida C, Parisi M L. Immigrant groups' income inequality within and across Italian regions[J]. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 2018,16(4):655-671.
[46]
Bernardi F, Garrido L, Miyar M. The recent fast upsurge of immigrants in Spain and their employment patterns and occupational attainment[J]. International Migration, 2011,49(1):148-187.
[47]
Fellini I, Guetto R. A "U-shaped" pattern of immigrants' occupational careers? A comparative analysis of Italy, Spain, and France[J]. International Migration Review, 2019,53(1):26-58.
[48]
Barrett B W, Durden T. Banking on remittances? How opening a bank account in the United States affects Mexican migrants sending money back to Mexico[J]. Mexican Studies Estudios Mexicanos, 2018,34(2):165-190.
[49]
Borjas G J. The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2003,118(4):1335-1374.
[50]
Naveed A, Javakhishvili-larsen N, Schmidt T D. Labour mobility and local employment: Building a local employment base from labour mobility?[J]. Regional Studies, 2017,51(11):1622-1634.
[51]
Behrens K, Sato Y. Migration, skill formation and the wage structure[J]. Journal of Regional Science, 2011,51(1):5-30.
[52]
Lin G C. High-skilled immigration and native task specialization in US cities[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2019,77:289-305.
[53]
Javorcik B, Spatareanu M, Neagu C. Migrant networks and foreign direct investment[J]. Journal of Development Economic, 2011, 94(2):231-241.
[54]
Kerr W. Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2008, 90(3): 518-537.
[55]
Chellaraj G, Maskus K, Mattoo A. The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation[J]. Review of International Economics, 2010,16(3):444-462.
[56]
Wadhwa V, Saxenian A, Rissing B, et al. Skilled immigration and economic growth[J]. Applied Research in Economic Development, 2008,5(1):6-14.
[57]
Kerr W. Breakthrough inventions and migrating clusters of innovation[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2010,67(1):46-60.
[58]
Enkhtaivan B, Brusa J, Davaadorj Z. A gap in brain gain for emerging countries: Evidence of international immigration on non-resident patents[J]. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 2020,14(1):1-23.
[59]
Aleksynska M, Peri G. Isolating the network effect of immigrants on trade[J]. The World Economy, 2014,37(3):434-455.
[60]
Chaney T. The network structure of international trade[J]. American Economic Review, 2014,104(11):3600-3634.
[61]
Giovannetti G, Lanati M. Do high-skill immigrants trigger highquality trade[J]. The World Economy, 2017,40(7):1345-1380.
[62]
Briant A, Combes P P, Lafourcade M. Product complexity, quality of institutions and the protrade effect of immigrants[J]. The World Economy, 2014,37(1):63-85.
[63]
魏浩,袁然,苏航.国际人才流动对中国消费品出口影响的实证分析——基于国际留学生视角的考察[J]. 国际贸易问题,2021(10): 67-81. [Wei Hao, Yuan Ran, Su Hang. International talent mobility and China's consumer goods export: An empirical evidence from international students[J]. Journal of International Trade, 2021(10):67-81.]
[64]
陈瑛,李芬英,马斌.移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响研究[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(9): 1483-1490. [Chen Ying, Li Fenying, Ma Bin. The impact of Chinese immigrant on China's foreign direct investment in the United States[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018,38(9):1483-1490.]
[65]
刘云刚,陈跃.1990年代以来在华跨国移民动态特征[J].世界地理研究,2014,23(4):1-13. [Liu Yungang, Chen Yue. Dynamics and features of transnational immigrants in China since 1990s[J]. World Regional Studies, 2014,23(4):1-13.]
[66]
陈程. 大陆海外新移民的回流模式与空间特征研究[D]. 上海:华东师范大学,2016:106-132. [Chen Cheng. A Study on the Return Mode and Spatial Characteristics of Overseas New Immigrants from Mainland China[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2016:106-132.]
2022, Vol. 37 
